Explanation:

The requirement is to create a validation rule for the Opportunity object in Salesforce to ensure that when the stage is set to "Closed Won," the custom field Scheduled_Ship_Date__c is populated and the date is within 14 days of the CloseDate. A Salesforce validation rule prevents saving a record if the formula evaluates to true.

Logic Breakdown:

ISPICKVAL(StageName, "Closed Won"): Checks if the Opportunity stage is "Closed Won."
ISBLANK(Scheduled_Ship_Date__c): Checks if the Scheduled_Ship_Date__c field is empty.
(Scheduled_Ship_Date__c - CloseDate) > 14: Ensures the Scheduled_Ship_Date__c is not more than 14 days after CloseDate.
The OR function combines the conditions: the rule triggers (prevents saving) if the stage is "Closed Won" and either the Scheduled_Ship_Date__c is blank or the date difference exceeds 14 days.

Why Option A is Correct:
Option A correctly uses OR to check if either:
The stage is "Closed Won" and the Scheduled_Ship_Date__c is more than 14 days after CloseDate, or
The Scheduled_Ship_Date__c is blank.
This ensures the field is filled and the date is within the required timeframe.

Why Other Options are Incorrect:
Option B: Incorrect syntax in ISPICKVAL(StageName = "Closed Won"). The correct syntax is ISPICKVAL(StageName, "Closed Won").
Option C: Only checks if the stage is "Closed Won" and the date difference is > 14 days, missing the check for a blank Scheduled_Ship_Date__c.
Option D: Contains multiple errors: incorrect ISPICKVAL syntax (StageName = CloseDate), a typo (losed Won"), and incorrect date logic (CloseDate - Scheduled_Ship_Date__c).

References:
Salesforce Help - Validation Rules:
Explains how validation rules enforce data quality by preventing saves when conditions are met.
Reference: Define Validation Rules.
Salesforce Help - Formula Operators and Functions:
Details the use of ISPICKVAL, ISBLANK, and date subtraction.
Reference: Formula Operators and Functions by Context
Trailhead - Data Quality:
Covers creating validation rules to ensure consistent data entry.
Reference: Data Quality Module.
Trailhead - Formulas & Validations:
Provides examples of validation rules for picklists and date fields.
Reference: Formulas & Validations Module.

Explanation:

Both of these formulas correctly utilize the IMAGE function to display a visual indicator based on the Priority field's value.
The IMAGE function requires the URL of the image and the alternate text to display if the image cannot be rendered.
Option B uses nested IF statements with ISPICKVAL to evaluate the picklist value and return the appropriate image URL.
Option D uses the CASE function, which is often more concise when dealing with multiple conditions based on a single field, especially a picklist.
Both CASE and IF statements are valid ways to implement conditional logic in Salesforce formulas. The formula field type should be Text when using the IMAGE function.

Why other options are incorrect
A. CASE(Priority, “Low”, “img/samples/flag_green.gif”, “Medium”, “img/samples/flag_yellow.gif”, “High”, “img/samples/flag_red.gif”, “/s.gif”):
This formula uses the CASE function to select the image URL but is missing the IMAGE function wrapper required to display the image itself. The result of this formula would be a text string (the URL), not an image.
C. IF (ISPICKVAL(Priority, “Low”), “img/samples/flag_green.gif”, IF(ISPICKVAL(Priority, “Medium”), “img/samples/flag_yellow.gif”, IF(ISPICKVAL(Priority,“High”), “img/samples/flag_red.gif”, “/s.gif”))):
Similar to option A, this formula correctly uses nested IF statements with ISPICKVAL to return the appropriate image URL but is missing the IMAGE function wrapper to actually display the image.

Explanation:

To prevent deletion of Accounts that have open Opportunities, you need a solution that evaluates related records before allowing the delete operation. Here's why Apex Trigger is the right choice:

✅ Why A is correct:
Validation rules only work on record creation and updates—not deletions.
Page layout changes (like removing the delete button) are UI-based and can be bypassed via API or other interfaces.
Profile permissions can block deletion entirely, but they don’t offer conditional logic (e.g., “only block if there are open Opportunities”).
An Apex before delete trigger allows you to:
Check if the Account has any related Opportunities with StageName not equal to "Closed Won" or "Closed Lost".
Prevent deletion by throwing an error if such Opportunities exist.

❌ Why the other options fall short:
B Validation rules don’t run on delete operations
C UI-only solution; doesn’t prevent deletion via API, Flow, or other tools
D Removes delete access entirely, even when deletion might be valid (e.g., no open Opportunities)

📘 Reference:
Salesforce Help: Apex Triggers
Trailhead: Apex Triggers

Explanation:
For a formula to evaluate to true when the stage is set to "Negotiation/Review" and the close date is less than one week away, the correct formula is:
Option B. This formula uses the ISPICKVAL function to check the text value of a picklist and compares the CloseDate to a week from today:
AND( I AND(
ISPICKVAL(StageName, "Negotiation/Review"),
CloseDate - 7 < TODAY()
)SPICKVAL(StageName, "Negotiation/Review"), CloseDate - 7 < TODAY() )
This formula checks that both conditions are met: it confirms the stage name is "Negotiation/Review" and that the CloseDate is within the next 7 days from the current date.

Option A lacks the ISPICKVAL function necessary for evaluating picklist fields.
Option C uses DAY(7) which is not a valid Salesforce formula expression.
Option D also uses DAY(7) incorrectly and fails to use the ISPICKVAL function.

Explanation:

To solve this problem, you need to address two distinct requirements: automatically notifying managers and tracking the changes.

Automatic Notifications
To automatically notify Sales Managers about a change to an Opportunity Close Date, you need a process automation tool. Process Builder (or its more modern equivalent, Flow Builder) is the ideal declarative tool for this. You can create a process that is triggered when an Opportunity record is changed. The criteria for this process would be Opportunity.CloseDate IsChanged Equals True. The immediate action for this process would be a "Post to Chatter" action that notifies the Sales Managers or a Chatter group they are part of.

Tracking Changes
To "track these changes on the Opportunity" and have a clear, visible log of the change, you would use Feed Tracking. When you enable Feed Tracking on the Opportunity object and select the Close Date field, any change made to that field will automatically create a new post in the record's Chatter feed. This provides a timestamped, user-stamped history of every change to the close date directly on the record itself, which is what the managers want.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect
A. Create an Opportunity outbound message: Outbound messages are used to send data from Salesforce to an external system. They are not used for internal notifications within Salesforce like Chatter posts.
C. Activate Historical Trending for Opportunities: Historical Trending is a reporting feature that allows you to analyze changes to data over time. While it does "track" changes, it is for reporting purposes and does not provide real-time, in-record notifications. It's a tool for analysis, not for immediate alerts.